Drenagem de águas residuais domesticas
Os edifícios devem dispor duma rede apropriada para a imediata drenagem das águas residuais provenientes de sanitários, cozinhas, laboratórios e de outros locais onde haja produção de águas residuais domésticas.
O destino final das águas residuais domésticas deverá ser escolhido de forma a minimizar o seu impacte negativo.
A rede de drenagem de águas residuais deve ser concebida e dimensionada de molde a que não possam produzir-se efeitos de corrosão ou deterioração devidos a despejos de líquidos quimicamente activos ou à acumulação e fermentação das matérias transportadas, com os inerentes riscos de disseminação de agentes patogénicos e de libertação de gases nocivos e odores incómodos.
Os ramais de ligação de laboratório serão particularmente resistentes às acções químicas.
Os ramais de ligação da cozinha, do bufete e da lavandaria, se a houver, serão particularmente resistentes à acção da água quente. Os troços de canalização acessíveis aos alunos serão protegidos contra acções de vandalismo.
A melhor solução para a evacuação de águas residuais domésticas consiste em conduzi-las para a rede pública, sem bombagem.
No caso de não haver rede pública, deverão ser previstos dispositivos de tratamento adequados, nomeadamente fossas sépticas convenientemente dimensionadas.
Drenagem de águas pluviais
Os edifícios devem ser equipados com dispositivos de drenagem das águas pluviais incidentes em coberturas e terraços, os quais devem assegurar que, mesmo em caso de obstrução, não haverá penetração da água para o interior das construções.
A recolha das águas pluviais em coberturas e terraços deve assegurar o conforto dos utentes nos acessos aos edifícios e na circulação periférica, caso esta exista.
A condução das águas pluviais para a rede pública, quando disponível, ou para as linhas de água, deverá ser realizada segundo as pendentes naturais do terreno, em sistema separativo.
A condução das águas pluviais deve ser efectuada predominantemente pelo exterior das construções. Quando houver necessidade de troços de canalização com traçado interior, estes deverão assegurar não haver riscos de rotura ou repasse.
Os tubos de queda acessíveis serão resistentes às acções de vandalismo.
A utilização de gárgulas ou de dispositivos equivalentes deverá acautelar que, em situações de caudal elevado ou reduzido, as águas, actuadas pelos ventos, não irão afectar a circulação periférica ou a estanquidade das caixilharias exteriores.
As construções devem ser implantadas de molde a não alterarem o sentido das pendentes naturais do terreno e que as pendentes finais exteriores assegurem o rápido escoamento das águas pluviais junto às fachadas, particularmente junto aos acessos.
Deve-se sempre que possível, proceder á ligação das prumadas das águas pluviais à rede pública indirectamente, para reduzir os caudais de ponta e para facilitar a infiltração natural no terreno.
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